Review of winter storms 2013-2014 on shoreline retreat dynamic on Brittany coast

Between December 2013 and March 2014, a cluster of about 12 storm events hit the coast of Brittany with an exceptional frequency. It was in February that these storm events were the most frequent and particularly virulent. The significant wave heights measured off Finistere reached respectively 12.3 m and 12.4 m during Petra and Ulla storms on February 5 and 14. However, analysis of hydrodynamic conditions shows that only three episodes promoted extreme morphogenetic conditions because they were combined with high spring tide level. The first one occurred on January 1 to 4, it was followed by events from February 1 to 3, and March 2-3. During these three extreme events observed tide levels were above highest astronomical tide level (HAT). Maximum surge level (0.97 m) was reached during Ulla storm of February 14-15. For comparison, we must go back in the winter of 1989-90 to find such extreme storm frequency. High frequency topomorphological measurements were achieved on more than ten coastal zones distributed around Brittany peninsula to assess the effects of these storms on shoreline erosion. They show that during the first phase (December-January), meeting it's climax from 1,1 to 4(th) of January 2014, shoreline erosion has been limited, with the exception of southern Brittany. This is due to the SW orientation of waves. For all monitoring sites, it has averaged -2.7 m, the averaged minimum equal to 0.6 m, and the averaged maximum at -6.20 m. During the second phase from mid-January to mid-February, reaching it's climax on 1-2 of February storm corresponding to the most morphogenetic event of the winter, the average of shoreline retreat reached -4.2 m, the averaged minimum reached approximately -1.5m, the averaged maximum -95 in. It is essentially the Northern and Western coast of Brittany that experienced largest shoreline retreat due to W-NW storm wave orientation. During the third and last phase, running from mid-February to mid-March, and characterized by the March 2-3 extreme morphogenetic event, shoreline retreat was very low. It reaches -1m on average, for an averaged minimum of -0.6 m and an averaged minimum of -1.9m. Considering the whole winter 2013-14 period, shoreline erosion for all monitoring sites reached -6.3 m on average, with a minimum of about -0.2 in and a maximum of -30.1 m. Depending on the type of environment, it appears that the dunes have retreated the most, followed by gravel or sandy barriers; the lowest erosion rates concern beaches backed by low cliffs cut in highly consistent materials such as periglacial deposits (head). Considering the three morphogenous episodes, the morphological response in terms of shoreline retreat of beaches and barriers was different. Storm occurring at the beginning of February induced the largest erosive rates partly explained by the large morphological sensitivity of beaches and barriers which were weakened by the previous storm events in the beginning of January. Conversely, the storm of March induced very few impacts. These elements show that there is no cumulative of storm effect attested. Over a long period marked by a cluster of storms, beyond a certain threshold in the shoreline retreat process, the erosive action of morphogenesis events is no longer significant, regardless of their intensity.