Experimental assessment of diazotroph responses to elevated seawater pCO2 in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

We examined short-term (24-72 h) responses of naturally occurring marine N-2 fixing microorganisms (termed diazotrophs) to abrupt increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)) in seawater during nine incubation experiments conducted between May 2010 and September 2012 at Station ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) (22 degrees 45'N, 158 degrees W) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). Rates of N-2 fixation, nitrogenase (nifH) gene abundances and transcripts of six major groups of cyanobacterial diazotrophs (including both unicellular and filamentous phylotypes), and rates of primary productivity (as measured by C-14-bicarbonate assimilation into plankton biomass) were determined under contemporary (similar to 390 ppm) and elevated pCO(2) conditions (similar to 1100 ppm). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) amplification of planktonic nifH genes revealed that unicellular cyanobacteria phylotypes dominated gene abundances during these experiments. In the majority of experiments (seven out of nine), elevated pCO(2) did not significantly influence rates of dinitrogen (N-2) fixation or primary productivity (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), P > 0.05). During two experiments, rates of N-2 fixation and primary productivity were significantly lower (by 79 to 82% and 52 to 72%, respectively) in the elevated pCO(2) treatments relative to the ambient controls (two-way ANOVA, P < 0.05). QPCR amplification of nifH genes and gene transcripts revealed that diazotroph abundances and nifH gene expression were largely unchanged by the perturbation of the seawater pCO(2). Our results suggest that naturally occurring N-2 fixing plankton assemblages in the NPSG are relatively resilient to large, short-term increases in pCO(2).