Nucleic Acid Sequencing Under Mars-like Conditions

All known life uses informational polymers based on nucleic acids. Future missions to Mars and Ocean Worlds such as Enceladus and/or Europa may target these or related polymers in the search for extant life beyond Earth. Nanopore-based devices represent a promising approach for sensing and characterizing these, and possibly other, biomarkers. Here we demonstrate low-input ( 200 pg) DNA sequencing, equivalent to extraction from 10(6) Bacillus subtilis spores at 5 percent extraction yield, using the Oxford Nanopore MinION in a thermal vacuum chamber under Mars-like temperature ( 60 degrees C), atmosphere ( 100% CO2), and pressure ( 400 to 500 Pa). Current limits of detection correspond to 2 to 5 pg DNA. With additional advances in nucleic acid extraction and library preparation efficiency, a sequencing-based approach to life detection will be viable at cell densities representative of the most extreme Mars analog environments here on Earth.