ALMA observations of atomic carbon in z ∼ 4 dusty star-forming galaxies

被引:103
作者
Bothwell, M. S. [1 ,2 ]
Aguirre, J. E. [3 ]
Aravena, M. [4 ]
Bethermin, M. [5 ]
Bisbas, T. G. [6 ,7 ]
Chapman, S. C. [8 ]
De Breuck, C. [5 ]
Gonzalez, A. H. [6 ]
Greve, T. R. [9 ]
Hezaveh, Y. [10 ]
Ma, J. [6 ]
Malkan, M. [11 ]
Marrone, D. P. [12 ]
Murphy, E. J. [13 ,14 ]
Spilker, J. S. [12 ]
Strandet, M. [15 ]
Vieira, J. D. [16 ,17 ]
Weiss, A. [15 ]
机构
[1] Univ Cambridge, Cavevdish Lab, 19 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England
[2] Univ Cambridge, Kavli Inst Cosmol, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England
[3] Univ Penn, 209 South 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
[4] Univ Diego Portales, Fac Ingn, Nucleo Astron, Av Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile
[5] European Southern Observ, Karl Schwarzschild Str 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
[6] Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
[7] Max Planck Inst Extraterrestr Physik, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
[8] Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada
[9] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England
[10] Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
[11] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
[12] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 North Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
[13] CALTECH, Infrared Proc & Anal Ctr, MC 220-6, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[14] Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA
[15] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
[16] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
[17] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
gravitational lensing: strong; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: formation; galaxies: high-redshift; galaxies: ISM; SOUTH-POLE TELESCOPE; ULTRALUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES; LUMINOUS SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES; CO-TO-H-2 CONVERSION FACTOR; HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES; MOLECULAR GAS; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; FORMATION HISTORY; PHOTODISSOCIATION REGIONS; BRIGHT GALAXIES;
D O I
10.1093/mnras/stw3270
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
We present Atacama Large Millimeter Array [C-I](1 - 0) (rest frequency 492 GHz) observations for a sample of 13 strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) originally discovered at 1.4 mm in a blank-field survey by the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We compare these new data with available [C-I] observations from the literature, allowing a study of the interstellar medium (ISM) properties of similar to 30 extreme DSFGs spanning a redshift range 2 < z < 5. Using the [C-I] line as a tracer of the molecular ISM, we find a mean molecular gas mass for SPT-DSFGs of 6.6 x 10(10) M-circle dot. This is in tension with gas masses derived via low-J (CO)-C-12 and dust masses; bringing the estimates into accordance requires either (a) an elevated CO-to-H-2 conversion factor for our sample of alpha(CO) similar to 2.5 and a gas-to-dust ratio similar to 200, or (b) an high carbon abundance X-CI similar to 7 x 10(-5). Using observations of a range of additional atomic and molecular lines (including [C-I], [C-II] and multiple transitions of CO), we use a modern photodissociation region code (3(D)-PDR) to assess the physical conditions (including the density, UV radiation field strength and gas temperature) within the ISM of the DSFGs in our sample. We find that the ISM within our DSFGs is characterized by dense gas permeated by strong UV fields. We note that previous efforts to characterize photodissociation region regions in DSFGs may have significantly under-estimated the density of the ISM. Combined, our analysis suggests that the ISM of extreme dusty starbursts at high redshift consists of dense, carbon- rich gas not directly comparable to the ISM of starbursts in the local Universe.
引用
收藏
页码:2825 / 2841
页数:17
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