Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in Diagnosis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) with conventional cytogenetics in diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Study Design: A cross-sectional, analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, from December 2010 to January 2012. Methodology: A total number of 40 patients were studied, in which all were diagnosed as CML on peripheral blood and bone marrow aspiration. The subjects were tested for the presence of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome by cytogenetics and BCR-ABL fusion gene by RT-PCR. 2-3 ml of venous blood was collected, half in sodium heparin (anti-coagulant) for cytogenetics and half in EDTA for PCR. For cytogenetics, cells were cultured for 72 hours in RPM] 1640 medium and examined by arresting in metaphase using Colchicine to identify Philadelphia chromosome. For PCR, RNA extraction was done by Tri Reagent LS (MRC, USA) and cDNA was synthesized using reverse transcriptase and gene specific primer. RT- PCR was done on ABI-7500. The positive samples were identified when fluorescence exceeded threshold limit. Results of cytogenetics and RT PCR were compared. Results: Out of the 40 patients, PCR showed 37 (92.5%) were positive and 3 (7.5%) were negative for BCR-ABL fusion gene, whereas in cytogenetics 28 (70%) were positive for Ph chromosome and 12 (30%) were negative for Ph chromosome. Sensitivity and specificity of cytogenetics was 75.6% and 100% respectively. Conclusion: Real time PCR as compared to cytogenetics is less tedious, gives quick results, does not require multiple sampling due to culture failure and can be done on peripheral blood.