Helminth parasites are highly successful pathogens, chronically infecting a quarter of the world's population, causing significant morbidity but rarely causing death. Protective immunity and expulsion of helminths is mediated by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, type 2 (M2) macrophages, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and eosinophils. Failure to mount these type 2 immune responses can result in immunopathology mediated by Th1 or Th17 cells. Helminths have evolved a wide variety of approaches for immune suppression, especially the generation of regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta. This is a very effective strategy for subverting protective immune responses to prolong their survival in the host but has the bystander effect of modulating immune responses to unrelated antigens. Epidemiological studies in humans have shown that infection with helminth parasites is associated with a low incidence of allergy/asthma and autoimmunity in developing countries. Experimental studies in mice have demonstrated that regulatory immune responses induced by helminth can suppress Th2 and Th1/Th17 responses that mediate allergy and autoimmunity, respectively. This has provided a rational explanation of the 'hygiene hypothesis' and has also led to the exploitation of helminths or their immunomodulatory products in the development of new immunosuppressive therapies for inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
NCI, SAIC Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701 USANatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Babu, Subash
;
Bhat, Sajid Q.
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Bhat, Sajid Q.
;
Kumar, N. Pavan
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Kumar, N. Pavan
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Lipira, Angelo B.
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Lipira, Angelo B.
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Kumar, Sanath
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Kumar, Sanath
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Karthik, C.
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Karthik, C.
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Kumaraswami, V.
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
TB Res Ctr, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Kumaraswami, V.
;
Nutman, Thomas B.
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NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USANatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
NCI, SAIC Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701 USANatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Babu, Subash
;
Bhat, Sajid Q.
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Bhat, Sajid Q.
;
Kumar, N. Pavan
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Kumar, N. Pavan
;
Lipira, Angelo B.
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Lipira, Angelo B.
;
Kumar, Sanath
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Kumar, Sanath
;
Karthik, C.
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Karthik, C.
;
Kumaraswami, V.
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Natl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
TB Res Ctr, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Kumaraswami, V.
;
Nutman, Thomas B.
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NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USANatl Inst Hlth Int Ctr Excellence Res, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India