Environmental monitoring as an important tool for safeguards of nuclear material and nuclear forensics

The use of environmental monitoring as a technique to identify activities related to the nuclear fuel cycle has been proposed by international safeguards organizations. The elements specific for each kind of nuclear activity, or "nuclear signatures", inserted in the ecosystem can be intercepted by different live organisms. This work demonstrates the technical viability of using pine needles as bioindicators of nuclear signatures associated with uranium enrichment activities. Additionally, it proposes the use of HR-ICP-MS to identify the signature corresponding to that kind of activities in the ecosystem. Nitric acid solutions, used to wash pine needles sampled near nuclear facilities and containing only 0.1 mg(.)kg(-1) of uranium, exhibit a n(U-235)/n(U-238) isotopic abundance ratio of 0.0092 +/- 0.0002, while solutions originated from samples collected at places located more than 200 km far from activities related to the nuclear fuel cycle exhibit a value of 0.0074 +/- 0.0002. Similar results were obtained for sample solutions prepared using the acid leaching process. The different values of n(U-235)/n(U-238) isotopic abundance ratio obtained permit to confirm the presence of anthropogenic uranium and demonstrate the viability of using the methodology proposed in this work.