Expression of phage P4 integrase is regulated negatively by both Int and Vis

Phage P4 int gene encodes the integrase responsible for phage integration into and excision from the Escherichia coli chromosome. Here, the data showing that P4 int expression is regulated in a complex manner at different levels are presented. First of all, the P-int promoter is regulated negatively by both Int and Vis, the P4 excisionase. The N-terminal portion of Int appears to be sufficient for such a negative autoregulation, suggesting that the Int N terminus is implicated in DNA binding. Second, full-length transcripts covering the entire int gene could be detected only upon P4 infection, whereas in P4 lysogens only short 5'-end covering transcripts were detectable. On the other hand, transcripts covering the 5'-end of int were also very abundant upon infection. It thus appears that premature transcription termination and/or mRNA degradation play a role in Int-negative regulation both on the basal prophage transcription and upon infection. Finally, comparison between P-int-lacZ transcriptional and translational fusions suggests that Vis regulates Int expression post-transcriptionally. The findings that Vis is also an RNA-binding protein and that Int may be translated from two different start codons have implications on possible regulation models of Int expression.