Frequency and resistance of CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) gene-transfected tumor cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis by the elimination and methylation of integrated DNA

It is important for more effective gene therapies to clarify the mechanisms by which cDNA integrated into cells can maintain or lose its function in vivo. We evaluated genetic and epigenetic events leading to alternation of the introduced CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) gene as a model of gene therapy. Solid tumors formed by CD95 cDNA-transfected hepatoma cells (F6b) were almost completely cured by a single treatment of anti-CD95 monoclonal antibody (mAb) but recurred in gld/gld lpr/lpr mice after initial complete response. Recurred tumors were resistant to repeated mAb treatment. The ratio of resistant cells in tumors was estimated as 4.2 cells per 10(6) cells. The CD95-resistant tumor contained CD95-vanished and CD95-decreased cells. CD95-vanished cells were due to the deletion of CD95cDNA. However, CD95-decreased cells retained CD95cDNA, which was highly methylated when determined with methylation-dependent enzymes and a demethylation reagent, indicating that DNA methylation was responsible for the reduced CD95 expression and resistance to mAb. CD95-decreased cells reduced the CD95 expression further but did not delete cDNA after a second in vivo treatment with anti-CD95 mAb, suggesting that the elimination of cDNA is not induced after its methylation and that cells containing methylated genes became more resistant by further methylation. Thus, the elimination and methylation of integrated cDNA appear to occur through different mechanisms. Our study of resistant tumor cells, which arose by both mutational and epigenetic modifications of the introduced CD95 plasmid, provides important and fundamental information about the fate of introduced cDNA, augmenting the efficiency of gene therapy. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss. Inc.