Vacuum insulation panels - Exciting thermal properties and most challenging applications

Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) have a thermal resistance that is about a factor of 10 higher than that of equally thick conventional polystyrene boards. VIPs nowadays mostly consist of a load-bearing kernel of fumed silica. The kernel is evacuated to below 1 mbar and sealed in a high-barrier laminate, which consists of several layers of Al-coated polyethylene (PE) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The laminate is optimized for extremely low leakage rates for air and moisture and thus for a long service life, which is required especially for building applications. The evacuated ;kernel has a thermal conductivity of about 4 x 10(-3) W . m(-1) . K-1 at room temperature, which results mainly from solid thermal conduction along the tenuous silica backbone. A U-value of 0.2 W . m(-2) . K-1 results from a thickness of 2 cm. Thus slim, yet highly insulating facade constructions can be realized. As the kernel has nano-size pores, the gaseous thermal conductivity becomes noticeable only for pressures above 10 mbar. Only above 100 mbar the thermal conductivity doubles to about 8 x 10(-3) W . m(-1) . K-1, such a pressure could occur after several decades of usage in a middle European climate. These investigations revealed that the pressure increase is due to water vapor permeating the laminate itself, and to N-2 and O-2, which tend to penetrate the VIP via the sealed edges. An extremely important innovation is the integration of a thermo-sensor into the VIP to nondestructively measure the thermal performance in situ. A successful "self-trial" was the integration of about 100 hand-made VIPs into the new ZAE-building in Wurzburg. Afterwards, several other buildings were super-insulated using VIPs within a large joint R&D project initiated and coordinated by ZAE Bayern and funded by the Bavarian Ministry of Economics in Munich. These VIPs were manufactured commercially and integrated into floorings, the gable facade of an old building under protection, the roof and the facades of a terraced house as well as into an ultra-low-energy "passive house" and the slim balustrade of a hospital. The thermal reliability of these constructions was monitored using an infrared camera.