Converting nondeterministic two-way automata into small deterministic linear-time machines

In 1978 Sakoda and Sipser raised the question of the cost, in terms of size of representa-tions, of the transformation of two-way and one-way nondeterministic automata into equivalent two-way deterministic automata. Despite all the attempts, the question has been answered only for particular cases, while it remains open in general, the best upper bound currently known being exponential. We present a new approach in which unrestricted nondeterministic automata are simulated by deterministic models extending two-way deterministic automata, paying only a polynomial increase of size. Indeed, we study the costs of the conversions of nondeterministic automata into some variants of one-tape deterministic Turing machines working in linear time; namely Hennie machines, weight-reducing Turing machines, and weight-reducing Hennie machines. All these variants are known to share the same computational power: they characterize the class of regular languages.(c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.