DHMEQ, a novel NF-κB inhibitor, induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in human hepatoma cells

Several reports have indicated that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is constitutively activated in a variety of cancer cells including hepatoma cells and plays a key role in their growth and survival. Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) derived from the structure of an antibiotic epoxyquinomicin C is a novel NF-kappa B inhibitor. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of DHMEQ on the NF-kappa B activity in human hepatoma cells, Huh-7, HepG2 and Hep3B, and the anti-tumor effect of DHMEQ on these cells in vitro and in vivo. DHMEQ inhibited the steady-state transcriptional activity of NF-kappa B in all hepatoma cells. DHMEQ blocked the constitutive DNA-binding activity and TNF-alpha-mediated nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B in Huh-7 cells. DHMEQ (5-20 mu g/ml) dose-dependently reduced the viable cell number of all hepatoma cells. DHMEQ (20 mu g/ml) induced apoptosis in all hepatoma cells, especially in Hep3B cells, and cell-cycle arrest in Huh-7 and HepG2 cells. These effects were accompanied by downregulation of proteins involved in anti-apoptosis (Bcl-xL, XIAP or c-IAP2) and cell-cycle progression (cyclin D1), and induction of proteins involved in pro-apoptosis (Bax) and cell-cycle retardation (p21(Waf1/Cip1)), although the degree of changes by DHMEQ was different in each hepatoma cell type. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration of DHMEQ (8 mg/kg) significantly repressed the growth of Huh-7 tumor subcutaneously transplanted into BALB/c nu/nu athymic mice. Our results suggest that DHMEQ could qualify as a candidate for a new chemotherapeutic agent against human hepatoma.