Heavy metal concentration in the urban environment of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

This work assesses the issue of whether the measured concentrations of heavy metals in soil, rocks, surface and ground waters in Addis Ababa can be related to anthropogellic contamination or natural weathering of rocks. Heavy metal analyses of rocks, soils, streams, springs and boreholes have been carried out to identify the presence of potentially harinful solutes. The maximum concentration of total chromium measured is 269 ppm in the northern, industry-free zone of Addis Ababa in the B-2-horizon of soil profile (cambisol). The Ni/Cr ratio in the rocks is higher than soils, which could indicate the presence of high concentrations of Cr in soils is from weathering processes. A comparative study of different samples collected from various parts of the city indicates that the chemical composition of the hydrothermally affected volcanic rocks plays an important role in increasing heavy metal concentration in the study area. The fresh country rocks contain relatively low concentrations of heavy metals, as shown by background values. The statistical evaluation indicates that the hydrothermally altered rocks contain far higher mean. heavy metal concentrations than the fresh acidic rocks (background values). Consequently, soils derived from altered rocks are enriched with respect to heavy metals. From this study it was possible to observe that the rock and soil outcrops of Addis Ababa are anomalously rich in heavy metals derived from hydrothermal activity. Therefore, heavy metal concentrations in the surrounding rocks and soils are related to geogenic sources whereas anthropogenic contribution as a cause of these concentrations is minor.