Advances in Biosensing and Imaging Based on the Integration of DNA and Upconversion Nanoparticles

Deoxyribonucleic aicd(DNA)have been widely used in biosensing and imaging because of their molecular recognition properties and functions. Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)have also attracted extensive attention in biomedical applications due to their unique optical properties. In particular,the elegant integration of UCNPs and DNA holds many unparalleled features and functions,advancing the development in the field of biological sensing and imaging. In this review,we summarized the advances in biosensing and imaging based on the integration of DNA and UCNPs. We mainly focused on the design principles of the developed methods,briefly introduced their applications,and discussed the current challenges and future perspectives in this field.