Using experimental and forest soils to investigate the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) along an urban-rural gradient

Spatial and temporal variation in the atmospheric deposition of PAHs to soil was examined by deploying experimental soils for similar to165 days and conducting a survey of forest soils at several sites along an urban-rural transect extending from downtown Toronto to similar to80 km north of the city. PAH concentrations decreased with distance from the Urban centre-by a factor of 2 and 60 for the experimental and forest soils respectively. The large gradient for the forest soils is generally consistent with air concentrations of PAHs measured using high Volume and passive air samplers. The smaller gradient for the experimental soils was due to kinetic limitations of PAH accumulation and the relatively short deployment period of similar to165 clays. Mean effective deposition velocities (gas + particle) for the full range of PAHs for the experimental soils at the Urban, suburban, and the rural sites were 2, 3 1 and 26 cm s(-1) respectively. These were incorporated into a dynamic model that was used to assess the long-term uptake of PAHs in forest soils. Model results indicate that lower molecular weight PAHs may achieve equilibrium and become involved in soil-air exchange whereas higher molecular weight PAHs are accumulated for much longer time periods. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.