Ethics in the management of conjoined twins

In dealing with conjoined twins, we have adopted a pragmatic approach in balancing what is possible, parental wishes and the likely outcome for the children. We believe that separation where feasible should be undertaken but appreciate that a few parents may wish their children to remain joined. The advice that we give balances the very real risks of surgery against the type of life the twins will experience if they remain joined. In some types of union such as end to end ischiopagus, the twins will never stand and will be bedridden. With other types of union, independent walking is not possible. Such limitations on living seem intolerable to us, but we have left the final decision to parents. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.