Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: Shedding Light on the "Invisible" Part of Arctic Primary Production

被引:97
作者
Ardyna, Mathieu [1 ,2 ]
Mundy, C. J. [3 ]
Mayot, Nicolas [4 ,5 ]
Matthes, Lisa C. [3 ]
Oziel, Laurent [2 ,6 ,7 ]
Horvat, Christopher [8 ]
Leu, Eva [9 ]
Assmy, Philipp [10 ]
Hill, Victoria [11 ]
Matrai, Patricia A. [4 ]
Gale, Matthew [3 ,12 ]
Melnikov, Igor A. [13 ]
Arrigo, Kevin R. [1 ]
机构
[1] Stanford Univ, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
[2] Sorbonne Univ, LOV, CNRS, Paris, France
[3] Univ Manitoba, Clayton H Riddell Fac Environm Earth & Resources, Ctr Earth Observat Sci, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
[4] Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, East Boothbay, ME USA
[5] Univ East Anglia, Fac Sci, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich, Norfolk, England
[6] Univ Laval, Laval Univ Canada CNRS France, Dept Biol & Quebec Ocean, Takuvik Joint Int Lab,UM13376, Quebec City, PQ, Canada
[7] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bremerhaven, Germany
[8] Brown Univ, Inst Brown Environm & Soc, Providence, RI 02912 USA
[9] CIENS, Akvaplan Niva, Oslo, Norway
[10] Norwegian Polar Res Inst, Fram Ctr, Tromso, Norway
[11] Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Coll Sci, Norfolk, VA USA
[12] Hlth Canada, Environm Hlth Program, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
[13] PP Shirshov Inst Oceanol RAS, Moscow, Russia
基金
加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 美国国家科学基金会; 欧盟地平线“2020”;
关键词
under-ice phytoplankton blooms; biogeochemical cycles; nutrient; sea ice; climate change; Arctic Ocean; SOUTHEASTERN HUDSON-BAY; SEA-ICE; BARENTS SEA; CALANUS-GLACIALIS; EXOPOLYMERIC SUBSTANCES; ALGAL BIOMASS; EUPHOTIC ZONE; WATER COLUMN; EDDY FIELD; OCEAN;
D O I
10.3389/fmars.2020.608032
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The growth of phytoplankton at high latitudes was generally thought to begin in open waters of the marginal ice zone once the highly reflective sea ice retreats in spring, solar elevation increases, and surface waters become stratified by the addition of sea-ice melt water. In fact, virtually all recent large-scale estimates of primary production in the Arctic Ocean (AO) assume that phytoplankton production in the water column under sea ice is negligible. However, over the past two decades, an emerging literature showing significant under-ice phytoplankton production on a pan-Arctic scale has challenged our paradigms of Arctic phytoplankton ecology and phenology. This evidence, which builds on previous, but scarce reports, requires the Arctic scientific community to change its perception of traditional AO phenology and urgently revise it. In particular, it is essential to better comprehend, on small and large scales, the changing and variable icescapes, the under-ice light field and biogeochemical cycles during the transition from sea-ice covered to ice-free Arctic waters. Here, we provide a baseline of our current knowledge of under-ice blooms (UIBs), by defining their ecology and their environmental setting, but also their regional peculiarities (in terms of occurrence, magnitude, and assemblages), which is shaped by a complex AO. To this end, a multidisciplinary approach, i.e., combining expeditions and modern autonomous technologies, satellite, and modeling analyses, has been used to provide an overview of this pan-Arctic phenological feature, which will become increasingly important in future marine Arctic biogeochemical cycles.
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页数:25
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