Solid state detectors based on point defects in lithium fluoride for advanced proton beam diagnostics

Proton beams of 3 and 7 MeV energies, produced by a linear accelerator, were used to irradiate lithium fluoride crystals and thermally evaporated LiF thin films in the fluence range of 10(11)-10(15) protons/cm(2). The irradiation induces the formation of stable colour centres, mainly the primary F centre and the aggregate F-2 and F-3(+) defects. By optical pumping in the blue spectral region, the F-2 and F-3(+) centres emit broad photoluminescence bands in the visible spectral range. By conventional fluorescence microscopy, the integrated photoluminescence intensity was carefully measured in LiF crystals and thin films as a function of the irradiation fluence: a linear optical response was obtained in a large range of fluence, which is dependent on the used LiF samples and the selected beam energy. It was possible to record the transversal proton beam intensity profile by acquiring the photoluminescence image of the irradiated spots on LiF films by a standard optical microscope. Using LiF films grown on silicon substrates irradiated in a particular geometry, the same optical reading microscopy technique allowed one to measure the distribution of colour centres photoluminescence along the depth and direct imaging the Bragg peak position, which gives a rough estimation of the initial proton beam energy. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.