One-dimensional (ID) inorganic nanomaterials are ideal systems for investigating the dependence of electrical transport, optical and mechanical properties on size and dimensionality and expected to play important roles as both interconnects and functional components in the fabrication of nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices, which are one of the research frontiers and focuses for the nanomaterials field. This article reviews the recent progress in the synthesis, characterization and property of this new field.