Why Do Women's Fields of Study Pay Less? A Test of Devaluation, Human Capital, and Gender Role Theory

As men are overrepresented in lucrative fields and women disproportionately graduate from disciplines that yield low wages in the labour market, horizontal sex segregation in higher education contributes significantly to economic gender inequality. However, what underlies the association between sex composition and wages in fields of study? We draw on data from the German HIS Graduate Panel Study 1997 (N = 4,092) and use hierarchical linear models to adjudicate between devaluation theory and explanations based on differential sorting processes: human capital and gender role theory. The resulting evidence for both human capital and devaluation theory is scant. Consistent with gender role theory, differences in the attractiveness of fields to students with a careerist approach to higher education and the labour market in turn explain most of the association between field of studies' sex composition and wage levels. We therefore conclude that gendered patterns of self-selection that derive from men's socialization into the breadwinner role rather than valuative discrimination or rational anticipation of career interruptions underlie the association between fields' sex composition and wage levels.