Sub-muscular Reconstruction after NAC Sparing Mastectomy: Direct to Implant Breast Reconstruction with Human ADM Versus Tissue Expander

Background Nipple areola complex (NAC) sparing mastectomy allows good oncological and aesthetic results. The study compares the results, in terms of self-evaluated satisfaction and symmetry, of direct to implant (DTI) sub-muscular breast reconstruction, with the aid of human acellular dermal matrix (ADM) versus two-stage reconstruction with sub-muscular tissue expander, followed by implant. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective, observational, single-center, non-randomized, case-control study. Inclusion criteria were: unilateral NAC sparing mastectomy at Forl Hospital between 2014 and 2018; sub-muscular reconstruction; minimum follow-up of 12 months from the reconstructive stage; no history of radiotherapy. Patients were divided into two groups: group A included patients who underwent DTI breast reconstruction with the aid of human ADM; group B were those who underwent a two-stage reconstruction with tissue expander then implant. We collected data on: (1) Self-evaluated satisfaction by Breast Q questionnaire (scores from 0 to 100). (2) Observer-evaluated symmetry. Bi-dimensional photographs were collected and evaluated by 11 breast surgeons blinded to each other, who assigned a score for symmetry (from 0 to 10). (3) Symmetry of anthropometric measures collected by hand and volume estimated by Breast V application. Results Group A included 28 patients; group included B 26 patients. Breast-Q questionnaires reported the following results: satisfaction with breasts in group A 65 +/- 12 versus group B 68 +/- 14; satisfaction with outcome in group A 88 +/- 16 versus group B 93 +/- 11; psychosocial well-being in group A 71 +/- 20 versus group B 76 +/- 17; sexual well-being in group A 63 +/- 26 versus group B 60 +/- 13; physical well-being in group A 68 +/- 15 versus group B 60 +/- 12. The average symmetry breast score assigned to group A was 6.9, versus group B 7.2. Regarding the anthropometric measures in group A, the differences between right and left were major to those in group B. Regarding breast volume, the mean difference between right and left in group A was 31.89 cc +/- 24.97, whereas in group B was 25.46 cc +/- 23.59. Conclusion Our data show better symmetry and better psychosocial well-being in the two-stage reconstruction, and higher satisfaction with sexual and physical well-being in DTI reconstructions. These aspects should be discussed with the patient while collecting the informed consent.