Soil N transformation mechanisms can effectively conserve N in soil under saturated conditions compared to unsaturated conditions in subtropical China

被引:40
作者
Zhang, Yushu [1 ,2 ,3 ]
Ding, Hong [1 ]
Zheng, Xiangzhou [1 ]
Cai, Zucong [2 ,4 ,5 ]
Misselbrook, Tom [3 ]
Carswell, Alison [3 ]
Muller, Christoph [6 ,7 ]
Zhang, Jinbo [2 ,4 ,5 ]
机构
[1] Fujian Acad Agr Sci, Inst Soil & Fertilizer, Fuzhou 350013, Fujian, Peoples R China
[2] Nanjing Normal Univ, Sch Geog Sci, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, Peoples R China
[3] Rothamsted Res, Sustainable Agr Sci, North Wyke EX20 2SB, Devon, England
[4] Jiangsu Prov Key Lab Mat Cycling & Pollut Control, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, Peoples R China
[5] Jiangsu Ctr Collaborat Innovat Geog Informat Reso, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, Peoples R China
[6] Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Dept Plant Ecol, Heinrich Buff Ring 26, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
[7] Univ Coll Dublin, Sch Biol & Environm Sci, Dublin 4, Ireland
基金
英国生物技术与生命科学研究理事会; 中国国家自然科学基金;
关键词
N-15; N transformations; Nitrogen retention; Saturated soils; DISSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCTION; AMMONIA-OXIDIZING BACTERIA; LONG-TERM APPLICATION; N-15 TRACING MODELS; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; MICROBIAL IMMOBILIZATION; GROSS NITRIFICATION; CATTLE MANURE; N2O EMISSIONS; FOREST SOILS;
D O I
10.1007/s00374-018-1276-7
中图分类号
S15 [土壤学];
学科分类号
0903 ; 090301 ;
摘要
The connection between moisture and nitrogen (N) transformation in soils is key to understanding N losses, particularly nitrate (NO3-) losses, and also provides a theoretical framework for appropriate water management in agricultural systems. Thus, we designed this study to provide a process-based background for management decision. We collected soil samples from the long-term field experiment in subtropical China, which was designed to examine tobacco and rice rotations under a subtropical monsoon climate. The field experiment was established in 2008 with four treatments: (1) no fertilization as control; (2) N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers applied at recommended rates; (3) N fertilizers applied at rates 50% higher than the recommended amounts and P and K fertilizers applied at recommended rates; and (4) N, P, and K fertilizers applied at recommended rates with straw incorporated (NPKS). Soil samples were collected during the unsaturated tobacco-cropping season and saturated rice-cropping season and were incubated at 60% water holding capacity and under saturated conditions, respectively. Two N-15 tracing treatments ((NH4NO3)-N-15 and NH4 (NO3)-N-15) and a numerical modeling method were used to quantify N transformations and gross N dynamics. Autotrophic nitrification was stimulated by N fertilizer both under unsaturated and saturated conditions. The rate of NO3- consumption (via immobilization and denitrification) increased under the NPKS treatment under saturated conditions. Secondly, the rates of processes associated with ammonium (NH4+) cycling, including mineralization of organic N, NH4+ immobilization, and dissimilatory NO3- reduction to NH4+, were all increased under saturated conditions relative to unsaturated conditions, except for autotrophic nitrification. Consequently, NO3--N and NH4+-N concentrations were significantly lower under saturated conditions relative to unsaturated conditions, which resulted in reduced risks of N losses via runoff or leaching. Our results suggest that under saturated conditions, there is a soil N conservation mechanism which alleviates the potential risk of N losses by runoff or leaching.
引用
收藏
页码:495 / 507
页数:13
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