Sex-specific differences of the immune system

Sex-specific differences in the prevalence and severity of immune disorders are well-known phenomena; however, it is only recently that we have begun to understand the possible causes of such differences. A literature search on this topic was carried out and the results are summarized. In the last few years research has been guided by technological advances in gene sequencing and new insights into the microbiome of the gut, as well as an awareness of sex- and gender-specific risk factors for infections and autoimmunity. The knowledge acquired in recent years will not only improve diagnostics and early identification of these disorders but also influence future research, prevention and therapy of infections and autoimmune diseases.