Vermicompost dose and mycorrhization determine the efficiency of copper phytoremediation by Canavalia ensiformis

The phytoremediation of copper (Cu)-contaminated sandy soils can be influenced by the addition of vermicompost to the soil and the mycorrhization of plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus and the addition of different doses of bovine manure vermicompost on the phytoremediation of a sandy soil with a high Cu content using Canavalia ensiformis. Soil contaminated with 100 mg kg(-1) Cu received five doses of vermicompost and was cultivated with C. ensiformis, with and without inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus, and the Cu and nutrients in the soil and soil solution were evaluated. The concentrations of Cu and other nutrients and the biomass and Cu phytotoxicity in the plants were quantified by gauging the photochemical efficiency, concentration of photosynthetic pigments and activity of oxidative stress enzymes. The vermicompost increased the soil pH and nutrient concentrations and reduced the Cu content of the solution. When the vermicompost was applied at a dose equivalent to 80 mg phosphorus (P) kg(-1), the phytoextraction efficiency was higher, but the phytostabilization efficiency was higher for vermicompost doses of 10 and 20 mg P kg(-1). The presence of mycorrhizal fungi increased Cu phytostabilization, especially at vermicompost doses of 10 and 20 mg P kg(-1). The use of vermicompost at low doses and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increase the phytostabilization potential of C. ensiformis in sandy soil contaminated by Cu.