Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Mammary Gland Composition and Inflammation

Studies in rodents have shown that dietary modifications as mammary glands (MG) develop, regulates susceptibility to mammary tumor initiation. However, the effects of dietary PUFA composition on MGs in adult life, remains poorly understood. This study investigated morphological alterations and inflammatory microenvironments in the MGs of adult mice fed isocaloric and isolipidic liquid diets with varying compositions of omega (omega)-6 and long-chain (Lc)-omega 3FA that were pair-fed. Despite similar consumption levels of the diets, mice fed the omega-3 diet had significantly lower body-weight gains, and abdominal-fat and mammary fat pad (MFP) weights. Fatty acid analysis showed significantly higher levels of Lc-omega-3FAs in the MFPs of mice on the omega-3 diet, while in the MFPs from the omega-6 group, Lc-omega-3FAs were undetectable. Our study revealed that MGs from omega-3 group had a significantly lower ductal end-point density, branching density, an absence of ductal sprouts, a thinner ductal stroma, fewer proliferating epithelial cells and a lower transcription levels of estrogen receptor 1 and amphiregulin. An analysis of the MFP and abdominal-fat showed significantly smaller adipocytes in the omega-3 group, which was accompanied by lower transcription levels of leptin, IGF1, and IGF1R. Further, MFPs from the omega-3 group had significantly decreased numbers and sizes of crown-like-structures (CLS), F4/80+ macrophages and decreased expression of proinflammatory mediators including Ptgs2, IL6, CCL2, TNF alpha, NF kappa B, and IFN gamma. Together, these results support dietary Lc-omega-3FA regulation of MG structure and density and adipose tissue inflammation with the potential for dietary Lc-omega-3FA to decrease the risk of mammary gland tumor formation.