100-million-year-old conifer tissues from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Charente (western France) revealed by synchrotron microtomography

Background and Aims Terrestrial plant remains in fossilized tree resin are relatively common. However, histol-ogy and preservation of plants entombed in Cretaceous ambers remain poorly known. We report an exquisitely preserved conifer leafy axis from 100-million-year-old opaque amber of western France that is assignable to Glenrosa carentonensis Moreau, Neraudeau, Tafforeau & Depre. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the taphonomy and the use of microtomography for studies of palaeobotanical remains in amber. Methods A leafy axis was examined using propagation phase-contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography with voxel sizes of 14.9, 1.4, and 0.7 mu m. Key Results The conifer leafy axis described is preserved in three dimensions. Despite desiccation of the speci-men within the surrounding amber, the cuticle, as well as most of inner tissues, is preserved in three dimensions down to the cellular level. Epidermis, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, transfusion tracheids and vascular bundles are clearly distinguished. Conclusions Gross morphology and histology of the specimen were revealed using synchrotron microtomogra-phy, allowing an unprecedented resolution for the study of soft-bodied plants entombed in amber. The study reveals a peculiar combination of authigenic and duripartic preservation as well as permineralization, and highlights the complexity of taphonomic processes that can occur in amber inclusions. This fossil demonstrates the difficulty of studying amber-preserved plant remains under certain conditions.