Multidimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography of dichloromethane soluble products from a high sulfur Jordanian oil shale

A high sulfur Jordanian oil shale was converted into liquid hydrocarbons by reaction at 390 degrees C under N-2, and the dichloromethane soluble fraction of the products was isolated then analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC). Comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC X GC) and multidimensional GC (MDGC) were applied for component separation on a polar - non-polar column set. Flame-ionization detection (FID) was used with GC x GC for general sample profiling, and mass spectrometry (MS) for component identification in MDGC. Multidimensional GC revealed a range of thiophenes (th), benzothiophenes (bth) and small amounts of dibenzothiophenes (dbth) and benzonaphthothiophenes (bnth). In addition, a range of aliphatic alkanes and cycloalkanes, ethers, polar single ring aromatic compounds and small amounts of polycyclic aromatics were also identified. Some of these compound classes were not uniquely observable by conventional 1D GC, and certainly this is true for many of their minor constituent members. The total number of distinct compounds was very large (ca. > 1000). GC x GC was shown to be appropriate for general sample profiling, and MDGC-MS proved to be a powerful technique for the separation and identification of sulfur-containing components and other polar compounds. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.