Cardiovascular adjustments with egg temperature at 90% incubation in embryonic American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis

American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) deposit eggs in a mound nest, potentially subjecting embryos to daily variations in temperature. Whilst adult crocodilian cardiovascular responses to changes in temperature have been investigated, similar studies in alligator embryos are limited. We investigated cardiovascular function of embryonic alligators during heating and cooling as well as at different temperatures. We measured arterial blood pressure (P (m)) and heart rate (f (H)) in response to cooling (30-26 A degrees C), heating (26-36 A degrees C), followed by a reciprocal cooling event (36-26 A degrees C) and assessed the cardiac baroreflex at 30 and 36 A degrees C. Embryonic f (H) increased during heating events and decreased during cooling events, while embryos were hypotensive at 26 and 36 A degrees C, although P (m) did not differ between heating or cooling events. There was a clear temperature-dependent heart rate hysteresis at a given embryo's temperature, depending on whether embryos were cooling or heating. Cardiovascular regulation through the cardiac limb of the baroreflex was not affected by temperature, despite previous studies suggesting that vagal tone is present at both low and high temperatures.