Effects of cross-linking type II collagen-GAG scaffolds on chondrogenesis in vitro:: Dynamic pore reduction promotes cartilage formation

Articular cartilage tissue-engineering investigations often implement bioassays for chondrogenesis in vitro using articular chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells in cell pellets that contract with time in culture, suggesting an association between the processes of contraction of the cell pellet and cartilage formation. The objective of the present study was to investigate this relationship further using adult canine articular chondrocyte-seeded type II collagen-GAG scaffolds. The collagen-GAG scaffolds were chemically cross-linked to achieve a range of cross-link densities. Chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds of varying cross-link densities were then cultured for 2 weeks to evaluate the effect of cross-link density on scaffold contraction and chondrogenesis. Scaffolds with low cross-link densities experienced cell-mediated contraction, increased cell number densities, a greater degree of chondrogenesis (viz., chondrocytic morphology of cells, synthesis of type II collagen), and an apparent increase in the rate of degradation of the scaffold compared to more highly cross-linked scaffolds that resisted cellular contraction. The results of this study suggest the promise of "dynamic pore reduction" for scaffolds for articular cartilage tissue engineering. In this approach, scaffolds would have an initial pore diameter large enough to facilitate cell seeding and a mechanical stiffness low enough to allow for cell-mediated contraction to yield a reduced pore volume to favor chondrogenesis. This approach may provide a useful alternative to traditional means of increasing cell number density and retention of synthesized molecules that promote cartilage formation in tissue-engineered constructs.