An update on the pharmacological treatment of obesity

Objective: To review the commonly utilized pharmacological options for the treatment of overweight and obese patients in the United States. Methods: A MEDLINE and EMBASE search, in English, between January 1995 and November 2005 was conducted using the terms, 'anti-obesity agents', 'orlistat', 'sibutramine', and 'phentermine'. References cited in relevant studies and reviews were also examined for additional clinical trials to be included in the review. Results: There are several pharmacological options currently available for the treatment of overweight and obese individuals in the United States, including phentermine, sibutramine, and orlistat, with only sibutramine and orlistat being indicated for use in the long term (> 6 months). However, none of these medications have proven to be more effective than another for the indication of weight loss, each with a very similar maximum weight loss potential. Therefore choosing a weight loss medication should be patient specific and based on its pharmacological profile, including mechanism of action and potential adverse effects. Most importantly, it is imperative to realize that these agents are only indicated for use when combined with lifestyle modifications. Most studies have indicated that maximum benefits from any of these medications are only shown when taken in addition to a hypocaloric diet. Conclusion: It has been shown that the combination of lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment leads to a greater decrease in total body weight loss. Treatment with anti-obesity agents is associated with side effects and an increased cost in health care. These factors must be weighed prior to initiating anti-obesity treatment.