Investigations into the transition toward an established e-waste management system in China: Empirical evidence from Guangdong and Shaanxi

China not only is the largest generator of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) in the world but is among the countries affected the most by previous importation and informal recycling. In this paper, we explore how the implementation of policies has impacted a transition toward an established e-waste management system. We combine a brief review of the main advancements of e-waste management legislation in the country with field observations at two e-waste recycling sites. Informed by transition management, we investigate interconnections between the informal and formal sectors, and motivations to focus on certain appliances. Our findings suggest that the strongest drivers of change toward sustainability transitions are external, such as legislation and market. The remaining challenges include policy gaps for specific appliances and the disconnection between policies and the informal sector. This study provides scientific insights into transition possibilities for more established e -waste practices and contributes to advancements toward a circular economy.