With worldwide environmental accumulation of plastics and their recognized degradation into smaller particles, attention to their impacts on ecological systems and humans has been increasing recently. However, environmental factors and their impacts are seldom considered during their eco-toxicity evaluation. In this study, D. magna neonates were used to assess and compare the acute toxicities of polystyrene microplastic particles (MPPs) and nanoplastic particles (NPPs) in the absence and presence of humic acids (HAs), an important environmental factor in aquatic systems. Four stress response and detoxification genes (CAT, GST, HSP70, and P-GP) were used to characterize the toxic response of the neonates to the exposure. Our results showed that NPPs were much more toxic than MPPs in that 10 mg L-1 NPPs induced over 70% of death in 96 h but MPPs (as high as 400 mg L-1) caused no mortality under all tested conditions. More importantly, we revealed a potent protective role of HA against NPP toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations. The effect was concentration dependent, as 50 mg L-1 HA subdued the NPP (400 mg L-1) toxicity effect completely. NPPs elicited the up-regulation of all examined genes while HA diminished the change appreciably, further confirming its detoxifying role against NPP toxicity. Through fluorescence and dynamic light scattering measurements, we found that HA was adsorbed on NPPs and formed a corona, without causing agglomeration or precipitation, but changed NPP distribution in the D. magna neonates in a way similar to that of MPPs, leading to alleviated toxicity. Our results suggest that it is essential to consider environmental factors in evaluating and monitoring NPP toxicity as this presents a more relevant exposure state.
机构:
Wageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Wageningen UR, IMARES Inst Marine Resources & Ecosyst Studies, NL-1970 AB Ijmuiden, NetherlandsWageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Besseling, Ellen
;
Wang, Bo
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Wageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NetherlandsWageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Wang, Bo
;
Lurling, Miquel
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Wageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NetherlandsWageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Lurling, Miquel
;
Koelmans, Albert A.
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Wageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Wageningen UR, IMARES Inst Marine Resources & Ecosyst Studies, NL-1970 AB Ijmuiden, NetherlandsWageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
机构:
Shanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Cai, Li
;
Hu, Lingling
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机构:
East China Normal Univ, State Key Lab Estuarine & Costal Res, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Hu, Lingling
;
Shi, Huahong
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h-index: 0
机构:
East China Normal Univ, State Key Lab Estuarine & Costal Res, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Shi, Huahong
;
Ye, Junwei
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Shanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Ye, Junwei
;
Zhang, Yunfei
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机构:
Shanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Zhang, Yunfei
;
Kim, Hyunjung
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机构:
Chonbuk Natl Univ, Dept Mineral Resources & Energy Engn, 567 Baekje Daero, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, South KoreaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
机构:
Wageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Wageningen UR, IMARES Inst Marine Resources & Ecosyst Studies, NL-1970 AB Ijmuiden, NetherlandsWageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Besseling, Ellen
;
Wang, Bo
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Wageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NetherlandsWageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Wang, Bo
;
Lurling, Miquel
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Wageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NetherlandsWageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Lurling, Miquel
;
Koelmans, Albert A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Wageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Wageningen UR, IMARES Inst Marine Resources & Ecosyst Studies, NL-1970 AB Ijmuiden, NetherlandsWageningen Univ, Aquat Ecol & Water Qual Management Grp, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
机构:
Shanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Cai, Li
;
Hu, Lingling
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
East China Normal Univ, State Key Lab Estuarine & Costal Res, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Hu, Lingling
;
Shi, Huahong
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
East China Normal Univ, State Key Lab Estuarine & Costal Res, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Shi, Huahong
;
Ye, Junwei
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Shanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Ye, Junwei
;
Zhang, Yunfei
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Shanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R ChinaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China
Zhang, Yunfei
;
Kim, Hyunjung
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Chonbuk Natl Univ, Dept Mineral Resources & Energy Engn, 567 Baekje Daero, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, South KoreaShanghai Sci & Technol Museum, Shanghai Nat Hist Museum, Nat Hist Res Ctr, Shanghai 200127, Peoples R China