Uncovering energy use, carbon emissions and environmental burdens of pulp and paper industry: A systematic review and meta-analysis

被引:153
作者
Sun, Mingxing [1 ,2 ,3 ,6 ]
Wang, Yutao [2 ,3 ,4 ]
Shi, Lei [1 ]
Klemes, Jiri Jaromir [5 ]
机构
[1] Tsinghua Univ, Sch Environm, State Key Joint Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China
[2] Fudan Univ, Shanghai Key Lab Atmospher Particle Pollut & Prev, Shanghai 200438, Peoples R China
[3] Fudan Univ, Tyndall Ctr, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Shanghai 200438, Peoples R China
[4] Shanghai Inst Ecochongming SIEC, 3663 Northern Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai 200062, Peoples R China
[5] Brno Univ Technol, Brno Univ Technol, Fac Mech Engn, Sustainable Proc Integrat Lab SPIL,NETME Ctr, Brno 61669, Czech Republic
[6] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Ctr Chinese Agr Policy, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China
基金
中国博士后科学基金; 中国国家自然科学基金;
关键词
Pulp and paper; Life cycle assessment; Meta-analysis; Straw-based pulp; LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT; WRITING PAPER; DIOXIDE REDUCTION; GAS EMISSIONS; OFFICE PAPER; WASTE PAPER; EFFICIENCY; IMPACTS; SWEDISH; PERSPECTIVE;
D O I
10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.036
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The pulp and paper industry, which provides cellulose pulp and paper, bio-based energy and chemicals, is one of the largest energy consumers, greenhouse gases (GHG) and pollutant emitters among manufacturing industries. Although the environmental impact of the pulp and paper industry has been extensively studied, life cycle assessment (LCA) results have not yet reached a consensus. By means of a systematic review and meta-analysis, this article contributes to the quantification and harmonization of the life cycle environmental impacts of pulp making and paper making systems. Based on the screening of 45 cases of paper making and 18 cases of pulp making, we found that 1 t of paper results in about 950 kg carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent (CO2-eq) GHG emissions on average. However, there are distinct differences between countries and pulp and paper categories. The dominant factor influencing GHG emissions is energy use. In paper making, the pulp making process is responsible for 62% of energy use, 45% of GHG emissions, 48% of acidification potential, and 49% of eutrophication potential. The kg CO2-eq emissions of three different types of pulp were as follows: Kraft, 508 kg CO2-eq/t; chemi-mechanical, 513 kg CO2-eq/t; and recycled pulp, 408 kg CO2-eq/t. Excluding emissions from electricity and steam production, the convergence of carbon emissions is observed within the same categories of pulp. Straw-based pulp caused far more environmental impact than any other type because of the intensive inputs in agricultural activities as well as in the pulp making process. This research highlighted the inconsistencies in functional units, system boundaries, and methodologies and carbon neutrality assumptions in different LCA studies of pulp and paper making. Future studies should focus on the environmental impact of straw-based pulp making, system boundary unification, and calculation of biogenic carbon emissions.
引用
收藏
页码:823 / 833
页数:11
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