Home fortification during the first 1000 d improves child development in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized effectiveness trial

Background: Nutrition during the first 1000 d is critical for brain development. Objective: We evaluated the effects on child development of home fortification with lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNSs) for mothers and/or children or micronutrient powder (MNP) for children. Design: We conducted a cluster-randomized effectiveness trial with 4 arms: 1) LNSs during pregnancy and the first 6 mo postpartum and LNSs for the offspring from 6 to 24 mo (LNS-LNS), 2) iron and folic acid (IFA) during pregnancy and the first 3 mo postpartum and LNSs for the children from 6 to 24 mo (IFA-LNS), 3) IFA (as above) and MNP for the offspring from 6 to 24 mo (IFA-MNP), and 4) IFA (as above) and no child supplement (IFA-Control). Women were enrolled at <= 20 wk of gestation; children were assessed at 12 (n = 3331), 18 (n = 3364), and 24 (n = 3379) mo. Results: Compared with the IFA-Control group, motor development scores were higher in the LNS-LNS (P = 0.016) and IFA-LNS groups (P = 0.006) at 18 mo and in the IFA-MNP group (P = 0.048) at 24 mo. Receptive language scores were higher for the LNS-LNS group (P = 0.028) at 18 mo and for all 3 groups at 24 mo (P = 0.008 for LNS-LNS, P = 0.022 for IFA-LNS, and P = 0.009 for IFA-MNP compared with IFA-Control). Expressive language scores did not differ at 18 mo (P = 0.236) but were higher in the LNS-LNS (P = 0.035) and IFA-MNP (P = 0.002) groups than in the IFA-Control group at 24 mo. Groups did not differ in personal-social scores at 18 (P = 0.233) or 24 (P = 0.146) mo or in executive function score at 24 mo (P = 0.467). Conclusion: Prenatal LNSs, postnatal LNSs, or both, or postnatal MNP had a positive effect on motor and language development in Bangladeshi children.