Histological, Biochemical and Spectroscopic Changes of Articular Cartilage in Osteoarthritis: Is There a Chance for Spectroscopic Evaluation?

Background: Non-destructive techniques for the detection and classification of pathological changes of cartilage in the early stages of osteoarthritis are required for arthroscopic and open surgery of joints. Biochemical and histological changes in cartilage with different degrees of destruction were analysed and correlated to changes in the spectroscopic characteristics of cartilage. Patients, Material and Methods: 24 patients (n = 25 knees) with severely destructed knee joints received total knee replacement. The cartilage of the resected joints was classified according to the ICRS system. Defined cartilage specimens were investigated spectroscopically employing NIRS (near-infrared spectroscopy). In the following the cartilage specimens were harvested to determine the content of proteoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline (HP) as an essential part of collagen. Histological evaluation of the Mankin score and Otte score was performed using haematoxylin/eosin and safranin-O staining. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to characterise links between the parameters investigated. Results: We found significant correlations between spectroscopic, histological and biochemical characteristics. NIRS corresponded to the content of GAG (rho = 0.58) and HP (rho = 0.59), as well as to the Mankin (rho = 0.55) and Otte (rho = 0.5) scores. Furthermore, the ICRS classification correlated with histological evaluation (Mankin score rho = 0.725 and Otte score rho = 0.736), as to be expected. Conclusion: Characteristic cartilage changes in different degrees of osteoarthritis can be detected and evaluated by the spectroscopic method NIRS as a non-destructive technique. However, the quality of this technical evaluation cannot compete with biochemical and histological analysis.