"PROTRACTED CONFLICT": The Foreign Policy Research Institute "Defense Intellectuals" and Their Cold War Struggle with Race and Human Rights

Robert Strausz-Hupe (1903-2002) and Stefan Possony (1913-1995) were two scholars and policy makers who reached the peak of their careers as the tutelary spirits of the Foreign Policy Research Institute (FPRI), founded in 1955 at the University of Pennsylvania. Through the FPRI and its journal, Orbis, the influence of these two anti-totalitarian crusaders reached the high echelons of the United States military and U.S. policy makers. This article analyzes the way in which the intellectuals of the FPRIdefense intellectualstweaked concepts such as human rights, freedom, democracy, and open society in order to promote the interests of the United States's military-industrial establishment, court racist lobbies, and accommodate problematic Cold War allies such as South Africa.