Boredom in the Workplace: A New Look at an Old Problem

Objective: We review historical and more recent efforts in boredom research and related fields. A framework is presented that organizes the various facets of boredom, particularly in supervisory control settings, and research gaps and future potential areas for study are highlighted. Background: Given the ubiquity of boredom across a wide spectrum of work environmentsexacerbated by increasingly automated systems that remove humans from direct, physical system interaction and possibly increasing tedium in the workplacethere is a need not only to better understand the multiple facets of boredom in work environments but to develop targeted mitigation strategies. Method: To better understand the relationships between the various influences and outcomes of boredom, a systems-based framework, called the Boredom Influence Diagram, is proposed that describes various elements of boredom and their interrelationships. Results: Boredom is closely related to vigilance, attention management, and task performance. This review highlights the need to develop more naturalistic experiments that reflect the characteristics of a boring work environment. Conclusion: With the increase in automation, boredom in the workplace will likely become a more prevalent issue for motivation and retention. In addition, developing continuous measures of boredom based on physiological signals is critical. Application: Personnel selection and improvements in system and task design can potentially mitigate boredom. However, more work is needed to develop and evaluate other potential interventions.