Variation in sexual violence during war

Sexual violence during war varies in extent and takes distinct forms. In some conflicts, sexual violence is widespread, yet in other conflicts-including some cases of ethnic conflict-it is quite limited In some conflicts, sexual violence takes the form of sexual slavery; in others, torture in detention. I document this variation, particularly its absence in some conflicts and on the part of some groups. In the conclusion, I explore the relationship between strategic choices on the part Of armed group leadership, the norms of combatants, dynamics within small units, and the effectiveness of military discipline.