Myopia and Level of Education Results from the Gutenberg Health Study

被引:128
作者
Mirshahi, Alireza [1 ]
Ponto, Katharina A. [1 ]
Hoehn, Rene [1 ]
Zwiener, Isabella [2 ]
Zeller, Tanja [3 ]
Lackner, Karl [4 ]
Beutel, Manfred E. [5 ]
Pfeiffer, Norbert [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Med Ctr Mainz, Dept Ophthalmol, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
[2] Univ Med Ctr Mainz, Inst Med Biostat Epidemiol & Informat, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
[3] Univ Heart Ctr Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
[4] Univ Med Ctr Mainz, Dept Clin Chem & Lab Med, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
[5] Univ Med Ctr Mainz, Dept Psychosomat Med & Psychotherapy, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
关键词
REFRACTIVE ERRORS; INCREASED PREVALENCE; RISK-FACTORS; ASSOCIATION; POPULATION; CONSCRIPTS; GENETICS; TWIN;
D O I
10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.017
中图分类号
R77 [眼科学];
学科分类号
100212 ;
摘要
Purpose: To analyze the association between myopia and educational level in an adult European cohort. Design: Population-based cross-sectional study. Participants: A cohort of the Gutenberg Health Study, including 4658 eligible enrollees between 35 and 74 years of age. Methods: We applied a standardized protocol entailing a comprehensive questionnaire; thorough ophthalmic, general, cardiovascular, and psychological examinations; and laboratory tests, including genetic analyses. We documented achievement levels in school education and post-school professional education. The spherical equivalent (SE) was determined by noncycloplegic autorefractometry. We fitted mixed linear models including age, gender, and 45 myopia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as covariates. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence and magnitude of myopia in association with years spent in school and level of post-school professional education. Results: Individuals who graduated from school after 13 years were more myopic (median, -0.5 diopters [D]; first quartile [Q1]/third quartile [Q3], -2.1/0.3 D) than those who graduated after 10 years (median, -0.2 D; Q1/ Q3, -1.3/0.8 D), than those who graduated after 9 years (median, 0.3 D; Q1/Q3, -0.6/1.4 D), and than those who never finished secondary school (median, 0.2 D; Q1/Q3, -0.5/1.8 D; P<0.001, respectively). The same holds true for persons with a university degree (median, -0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -2.3/0.3 D) versus those who finished secondary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -1.1/0.8 D) or primary vocational school (median, 0 D; Q1/Q3, -0.9/1.1 D) versus persons without any post-school professional qualification (median, 0.6 D; Q1/Q3, -0.4/1.7 D; P<0.001, respectively). Of persons who graduated from school after 13 years, 50.9% were myopic (SE, <= -0.5 D) versus 41.6%, 27.1%, and 26.9% after 10 years, in those who graduated after 9 years, and in those who never graduated from secondary school, respectively (P<0.001). In university graduates, the proportion of myopic persons was higher (53%) than that of those who graduated from secondary (34.8%) or primary (34.7%) vocational schools and than in those without any professional training (23.9%; P<0.001, respectively). In multivariate analyses: higher school and professional levels of education were associated with a more myopic SE independent of gender. There was a small effect of age and SNPs. Conclusions: Higher levels of school and post-school professional education are associated with a more myopic refraction. Participants with higher educational achievements more often were myopic than individuals with less education. (C) 2014 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
引用
收藏
页码:2047 / 2052
页数:6
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