The association of air pollution and greenness with mortality and life expectancy in Spain: A small-area study

被引：105

作者：

de Keijzer, Carmen ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

Agis, David ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

Ambros, Albert ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

Arevalo, Gustavo ^{[4
]}

Baldasano, Jose M. ^{[4
]}

Bande, Stefano ^{[6
]}

Barrera-Gomez, Jose ^{[1
,2
,3
,5
]}

Benach, Joan ^{[7
,8
,9
]}

Cirach, Marta ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

Dadvand, Payam ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

Ghigo, Stefania ^{[6
]}

Martinez-Solanas, Erica ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

Cadum, Ennio ^{[10
]}

Basagana, Xavier ^{[1
,2
,3
]}

机构：

[1] Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, ISGlobal, C Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain

[2] UPF, C Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain

[3] CIBERESP, C Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain

[4] BSC, Dept Earth Sci, C Jordi Girona 29,Edificio Nexus 2, Barcelona 08034, Spain

[5] Tech Univ Catalonia UPC, Environm Modelling Lab, Avda Diagonal 647,Edificio H,Oficina 10-23, Barcelona 08028, Spain

[6] ARPA Piemonte, Dipartimento Temat Sistemi Previsionali, Qualita Aria, Via Pio 7 9, I-10135 Turin, TO, Italy

[7] Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Polit & Social Sci, Hlth Inequal Res Grp, Employment Condit Knowledge Network GREDS EMCONET, C Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, Barcelona 08005, Spain

[8] JHU UPF PPC, C Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, Barcelona 08005, Spain

[9] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Transdisciplinary Res Grp Socioecol Transit GinTR, E-28049 Madrid, Spain

[10] Reg Environm Protect Agcy ARPA Piemonte, Dept Epidemiol & Environm Hlth, Via Pio 7 9, I-10135 Turin, TO, Italy

来源：

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL | 2017年 / 99卷

关键词：

Air pollution; Particulate matter; Ozone; NO2; Greenness; Mortality; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; URBAN GREEN; EUROPEAN COHORTS; LUNG-CANCER; MODELS; HEALTH; SPACES;

D O I：

10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.009

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

Background: Air pollution exposure has been associated with an increase in mortality rates, but few studies have focused on life expectancy, and most studies had restricted spatial coverage. A limited body of evidence is also suggestive for a beneficial association between residential exposure to greenness and mortality, but the evidence for such an association with life expectancy is still very scarce. Objective: To investigate the association of exposure to air pollution and greenness with mortality and life expectancy in Spain. Methods: Mortality data from 2148 small areas (average population of 20,750 inhabitants, and median population of 7672 inhabitants) covering Spain for years 2009-2013 were obtained. Average annual levels of PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O-3 were derived from an air quality forecasting system at 4x4km resolution. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used to assess greenness in each small area. Air pollution and greenness were linked to standardized mortality rates (SMRs) using Poisson regression and to life expectancy using linear regression. The models were adjusted for socioeconomic status and lung cancer mortality rates (as a proxy for smoking), and accounted for spatial autocorrelation. Results: The increase of 5 mu g/m(3) in PM10, NO2 and O-3 or of 2 mu g/m(3) in PM2.5 concentration resulted in a loss of life in years of 0.90 (95% credibility interval CI: 0.83, 0.98), 0.13 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.17), 0.20years (95% CI: 0.16, 0.24) and 0.64 (0.59, 0.70), respectively. Similar associations were found in the SMR analysis, with stronger associations for PM2.5 and PM10, which were associated with an increased mortality risk of 3.7% (95% CI: 3.5%, 4.0%) and 5.7% (95% CI: 5.4%, 6.1%). For greenness, a protective effect on mortality and longer life expectancy was only found in areas with lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Air pollution concentrations were associated to important reductions in life expectancy. The reduction of air pollution should be a priority for public health. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：170 / 176

页数：7

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