Late and Long-Term Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment and Surveillance Management for the General Practitioner

ObjectiveTo examine the most common long-term and late effects of breast cancer treatment, the American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines for surveillance, and recommendations for the primary care provider's role in delivering breast cancer survivorship care. Data SourcesA comprehensive literature review was conducted using CINAHL, PubMed, Google Scholar, and hand searches using the search terms breast cancer, survivor, and long-term or late effects. Study SelectionArticles published in English from 2002 to 2012 that addressed the long-term or late effects of adults with breast cancer were included. Data ExtractionFindings are discussed categorically, including the most common late and long-term psychosocial effects from relevant studies. Data SynthesisTopics relevant to survivors included challenges to psychosocial, emotional, and cognitive well-being; satisfaction with life; sexuality; body image; anxiety; fear of recurrence and post-traumatic stress disorder; depression; cognitive dysfunction challenges to physical well-being; adverse cardiovascular events; fatigue; lymphedema; musculoskeletal symptoms; accelerated bone loss and fractures; pain; skin changes due to radiation; disease recurrence; and new breast cancers. ConclusionsWith earlier detection methods and improvements in treatment options making breast cancer a highly survivable disease, there are more survivors of breast cancer than ever. The clinicians' role in survivorship care is more important than ever to manage the potential long-term and late effects of treatment, physical and emotional well-being, and recurrent disease surveillance. However, the clinician's role in cancer follow-up care is often poorly defined leading to a lack of awareness about the needs of survivors of breast cancer, suboptimal communication between providers and survivors, and an overall deficiency in quality care.