Synthesis of heteroaryl imines: Theoretical and experimental approach to the determination of the configuration of C=N double bond

The reaction between an iminophosphorane with furan-2-carbaldehyde, thiophene-2-carbaldehyde, furan-3-carbaldehyde, and thiophene-3-carbaldehyde at 60 degrees C gives the corresponding trans imines in 53-84% yields, while the same reaction at 100 degrees C gives a mixture of the corresponding trans and cis imines. Whether the iminophosphorane reacted with 5-nitrofuran-2-carbaldehyde or 5-nitrothiophene-2-carbaldehyde only the trans imines were obtained in 85-89% yields. The irradiation of the imines obtained from thiophene-2-carbaldehyde and thiophene-3-carbaldehyde gave the corresponding photocyclization products. Cis/trans stereochemistry of the imines can be assigned simulating the UV-vis spectra. In the case of the imine from furan-2-carbaldehyde the computed spectra are characterized by an intense absorption at 361 and 357 nm respectively for the trans-1 and trans-2 structures. No other absorptions of comparable intensity have been predicted: the agreement with the experimental spectrum can be considered good. Furthermore, the experimental weak peaks at 280 and 270 nm can be associated to the computed transitions at 278 and 260 nm for the trans-1 isomer. Several minima of the energy surface can be assigned to the cis isomer, and they all present a very similar energy. The structures of the cis-1 and cis-2 isomers present quite coincident computed electronic spectra. In both cases, the computed spectrum shows two principal features. For the cis-1 structure, the first characteristic absorption is located at 414 nm and the second one at 284 nm. For the cis-2 structure, the first feature is located at 412 nm and the second one at 286 nm. The second transition is computed somewhat more intense. The experimental spectrum could be the consequence of similar populations of the planar cis structure (cis-3) and nonplanar cis structures (cis-1, cis-2, and their enantiomers).