Musically untrained college students' interpretations of musical notation: sound, silence, loudness, duration, and temporal order

Fifty participants who had never learned how to read music completed a questionnaire about their interpretations of standard western musical notation. Sonic common assumptions were that a note must consist of a circle plus a line, symbols with unfilled spaces denote silence, the value of notes and rests increases with the size and number of features of a symbol. pitch is denoted by both note-head and stem, and tempo is determined by horizontal spacing. These assumptions are not consistent with the conventions of standard musical notation, thus the findings of the study suggest that many fundamental aspects of notation are not intuitive to beginners. Implications of the findings are discussed with respect to music pedagogy.