Gastrocnemius and soleus are selectively activated when adding knee extensor activity to plantar flexion

The gastrocnemius is a biarticular muscle that acts not only as a plantar flexor, but also as a knee flexor, meaning that it is an antagonist during knee extension. In contrast, the soleus is a monoarticular plantar flexor. Based on this anatomical difference, these muscles' activities should be selectively activated during simultaneous plantar flexion and knee extension, which occur during many activities of daily living. This study examined the selective activation of gastrocnemius and soleus activities when voluntary isometric activation of knee extensors was added to voluntary isometric plantar flexion. Ten male volunteers performed isometric plantar flexion at 10%, 20%, and 30% of maximum effort. During each plantar flexion task, isometric knee extension was added at 0%, 50%, and 100% of maximum effort. When knee extension was added, the average rectified value of the electromyographic activity of the medial gastrocnemius was significantly depressed (P = .002), whereas that of the soleus was significantly increased (P < .001) regardless of the plantar flexion level. These results suggest that plantar flexion with concurrent knee extensor activity leads to selective activation of the soleus and depression of the synergistic activity of the gastrocnemius. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.