Three-Dimensional Printed Skull Base Simulation for Transnasal Endoscopic Surgical Training

OBJECTIVE: Transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery (SBS) presents a major challenge for inexperienced neurosurgeons because of the complicated anatomic structures, 2-dimensional endoscopic view, limited operative field, and required skills. We designed a personalized multimaterial and multicolor three-dimensional (3D)printed SBS simulation to reproduce the complex anatomy of the skull base. The fidelity and feasibility for anatomic education and surgical training were assessed. METHODS: Two-dimensional computer tomography and magnetic resonance images were collected from a 42-year-old healthy male volunteer. After 3D modeling and spatial alignment, personalized SBS simulations were produced using a multimaterial 3D printer. The fidelity of the models was assessed by 3 experienced neurosurgeons, and the effects for anatomic education and surgical training were evaluated by 10 resident trainees. Both evaluations were based on 5-point Likert questionnaires. RESULTS: The mean scores for fidelity of tissue structure ranged from 3.7 to 4.7, and scores for aid in anatomic education and surgical training ranged from 3.5 to 4.9. CONCLUSION: The 3D-printed SBS simulation is a practical, economical, high-fidelity model. It has great potential for anatomic education and operative training in transnasal endoscopic surgery.