Novel gel-entrapped base catalysts for the Claisen-Schmidt reaction

Novel gel-entrapped base catalysts (GEBCs) were prepared by entrapping aqueous solutions of bases in a gel matrix of agar agar. The bases used were NaOH, KOH, morpholine and piperidine. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed for the water-base-agar agar system to identify the various phases and especially the solid phase, useful as a solid base catalyst. The 10% NaOH solid gel was used to effect the Claisen-Schmidt reaction between benzaldehydes and acetophenones in ethanol under heterogeneous conditions to obtain 70-100% yield of the products. The solid GEBCs obtained using other bases were also used for the same reaction; however, the yields were lower. The catalyst needed no activation prior to use and could be recycled. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.