Optimizing the immunization procedure of single-walled carbon nanotubes based vaccine against grass carp reovirus for grass carp

Hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is considered to be one of the most serious threats to grass carp, resulting in significant economic loss in grass carp culture industry. This study was aimed at optimizing the immunization program of SWCNTs-vaccine (SWCNTs-M-VP4-3) controlling infectious GCRV, determining the best immunization program for grass carp, and then providing reference for the commercial promotion and use of vaccines in aquaculture. We designed an compete experiment to optimize different parameters affecting vaccination such as immunization time, antigen concentration, and fish density when grass carp was vaccinated by bath treatment. Our results showed that the highest relative percent survival (88.33%) was found in 12 h of immunization time, 10 mg L-1 of antigen concentration, and 15 fish per liter of fish density compared to 100% mortality for control groups. And other immune responses (serum antibody production, enzyme activities, and immune genes expression) also demonstrated similar results. These results indicated that the administration protocol which induce highest immune response of the host, had the highest vaccine effect against the disease. This study lays the foundation for providing reference for the commercial promotion and use of vaccines in aquaculture.