Towards Size-Controlled Deposition of Palladium Nanoparticles from Polyoxometalate Precursors: An Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study

We present a novel in situ electrochemical approach to deposit small size-controlled palladium(0) clusters from 12-Pd-II-oxo-metalate precursors. These clusters are formed through the reductive surface polarization of a Au(111) support. Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) reveals that the electrochemical reduction occurs at much lower potentials than that for simple Pd salt solutions. The resulting particles are one atomic layer high and show a narrow size distribution. Precursor mass transport limitations and preconditioning of the solid-liquid interface at low potentials influence the obtained morphology. In particular, a concomitant reduction mechanism via formation of molecular hydrogen is discussed. The deposited clusters show the typical behavior of small metallic Pd islands in EC-STM: The apparent cluster height increases reversibly when lowering the potential close to the onset of hydrogen evolution, which is attributed to hydrogen adsorption.