No evidence of induced defence after defoliation in three pine species against an expanding pest, the pine processionary moth

Trees may react against defoliation by producing new tissues with modified morphological and nutritive characteristics, in order to prevent future herbivore attacks. In this work, we analyse the capacity of three pine species, namely cluster (Pinus pinaster), black (Pinus nigra) and Scots (Pinus sylvestris) pine, naturally set along an altitudinal gradient (1350-2000 m a.s.l. in SE Spain), to produce an induced defence against defoliation by an expanding pest, the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). Pines were subjected to experimental defoliation, and the tree response was analysed by means of chemical analysis and bioassays with first-instar larvae of T. pityocampa. None of the pine species showed a notable change in chemistry after experimental defoliation, suggesting that chemical defences in pines represent constitutive rather than inducible defences. However, constitutive defences do not deter T. pityocampa, and larval survival did not vary depending of the previous damage suffered by trees. These results indicate that the three pine species analysed have a low capacity to respond after T. pityocampa attack, and thus a limited induced response against the herbivory caused by this specialist insect. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.