Predicted future fate of COSMOS galaxy protoclusters over 11 Gyr with constrained simulations

Cosmological simulations are crucial tools in studying the Universe, but they typically do not directly match real observed structures. Constrained cosmological simulations, on the other hand, are designed to match the observed distribution of galaxies. Here we present constrained simulations based on spectroscopic surveys at a redshift of z approximate to 2.3, corresponding to an epoch of nearly 11 Gyr ago. This allows us to 'fast-forward' the simulation to our present day and study the evolution of observed cosmic structures self-consistently. We confirm that several previously reported protoclusters will evolve into massive galaxy clusters by our present epoch, including the 'Hyperion' structure that we predict will collapse into a giant filamentary supercluster spanning 100 Mpc. We also discover previously unknown protoclusters with lower final masses than are typically detectable by other methods that nearly double the number of known protoclusters within this volume. Constrained simulations, applied to future high-redshift datasets, represent a unique opportunity for studying early structure formation and matching galaxy properties between high and low redshifts. Simulations based on observations of galaxies in the COSMOS field at a redshift of 2 can be wound back to the early Universe, and wound forward to the present day to predict the fate of detected galaxy protoclusters, including the well-studied Hyperion protocluster.